diff --git a/src/sync/capture.py b/src/sync/capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7d5bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sync/capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+import json, logging
+from .access_reader import AccessReader
+from .sql_writer import SqlWriter, QueueRow
+from .config import FileMapping, SyncConfig
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+def capture_file(fm: FileMapping, reader: AccessReader, writer: SqlWriter, cfg: SyncConfig) -> int:
+    exclude = set(fm.exclude_tables or [])
+    include = set(fm.include_tables) if fm.include_tables else None
+    rows = reader.read_log(cfg.runtime.capture_batch_size)
+    n = 0
+    for lr in rows:
+        if lr.table_name in exclude:
+            continue
+        if include is not None and lr.table_name not in include:
+            continue
+        op = lr.operate_type
+        row_data = None
+        if op in ("Insert", "Update"):
+            d = reader.read_row(lr.table_name, lr.record_id)
+            if d is None:
+                op = "Delete"  # 行已删，降级
+            else:
+                row_data = json.dumps(d, ensure_ascii=False)
+        elif op != "Delete":
+            log.warning("unknown OperateType %r in %s log %s", op, fm.file, lr.id)
+            continue
+        qr = QueueRow(
+            source_file=fm.file,
+            source_table=lr.table_name,
+            record_id=lr.record_id,
+            target_schema=fm.schema,
+            target_table=fm.target_table(lr.table_name),
+            source_log_id=lr.id,
+            operate_type=op,
+            row_data=row_data,
+        )
+        writer.insert_queue_row(qr)
+        n += 1
+    return n
diff --git a/tests/test_capture.py b/tests/test_capture.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34c28ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_capture.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+from sync.config import FileMapping, SyncConfig, AccessConfig, RuntimeConfig, SqlServerConfig
+from sync.access_reader import LogRow
+from sync.capture import capture_file
+
+def _cfg():
+    return SyncConfig(sql_server=SqlServerConfig(conn_str="x"),
+                      access=AccessConfig(driver="d", roots={"2026":"r"}),
+                      runtime=RuntimeConfig(),
+                      files=[])
+
+def test_capture_insert_reads_row_and_queues():
+    cfg = _cfg()
+    fm = FileMapping(file="氩弧焊.accdb", root="2026", schema="TIGWelding", year_suffix="_YEAR2026", exclude_tables=["TableChangeLog"])
+    reader = MagicMock()
+    reader.read_log.return_value = [LogRow(10, "表壳焊接记录", "34041", "Insert", None)]
+    reader.read_row.return_value = {"ID": 34041, "订单号": "X1"}
+    writer = MagicMock()
+    n = capture_file(fm, reader, writer, cfg)
+    assert n == 1
+    args = writer.insert_queue_row.call_args[0][0]
+    assert args.target_schema == "TIGWelding"
+    assert args.target_table == "表壳焊接记录_YEAR2026"
+    assert args.operate_type == "Insert"
+    assert '"订单号": "X1"' in args.row_data
+    assert args.source_log_id == 10
+
+def test_capture_update_missing_row_downgrades_to_delete():
+    cfg = _cfg()
+    fm = FileMapping(file="x.accdb", root="2026", schema="s", year_suffix="_YEAR2026", exclude_tables=["TableChangeLog"])
+    reader = MagicMock()
+    reader.read_log.return_value = [LogRow(11, "T", "5", "Update", None)]
+    reader.read_row.return_value = None  # 行已删
+    writer = MagicMock()
+    n = capture_file(fm, reader, writer, cfg)
+    assert n == 1
+    args = writer.insert_queue_row.call_args[0][0]
+    assert args.operate_type == "Delete"
+    assert args.row_data is None
+
+def test_capture_skips_excluded_tables():
+    cfg = _cfg()
+    fm = FileMapping(file="x.accdb", root="2026", schema="s", year_suffix="_YEAR2026", exclude_tables=["TableChangeLog", "氩弧焊每日催货落实记录_停"])
+    reader = MagicMock()
+    reader.read_log.return_value = [LogRow(1, "TableChangeLog", "1", "Insert", None),
+                                    LogRow(2, "氩弧焊每日催货落实记录_停", "1", "Insert", None)]
+    writer = MagicMock()
+    assert capture_file(fm, reader, writer, cfg) == 0
+    writer.insert_queue_row.assert_not_called()
+
+def test_capture_include_tables_filter():
+    cfg = _cfg()
+    fm = FileMapping(file="x.accdb", root="2026", schema="inspectionRecords", year_suffix="_YEAR2026",
+                     exclude_tables=["TableChangeLog"], include_tables=["检验合格记录表"])
+    reader = MagicMock()
+    reader.read_log.return_value = [LogRow(1, "检验合格记录表", "1", "Insert", None),
+                                    LogRow(2, "其它表", "1", "Insert", None)]
+    reader.read_row.return_value = {"ID": 1}
+    writer = MagicMock()
+    assert capture_file(fm, reader, writer, cfg) == 1
+    assert writer.insert_queue_row.call_args[0][0].target_table == "检验合格记录表_YEAR2026"